For a list of tasks, thread is assigned a task, completes task, starts new task…
Single thread completes them like a queue. Multi-threaded, each thread completes task.
For tasks, a single thread can hold the state of a task, complete another task and resume original.
Concurrency is when multiple requests are being processed at a time.
Programs can run multiple threads, carrying out multiple tasks at once. For ruby, its Thread.new do ...
Multithreading can maximize performance of a program by taking advantage of multi-core hardware. It is called Parallel Computing and can drastically improve performance, and in extreme examples with distributed systems can complete intensive tasks that would be otherwise unreasonable.
Multithreading and Asynchronous programming are separate concepts. Multi-threading can be applied to both synchronous and asynchronous models. Multiple threads can work on a single queue of tasks, as in the synchronous model. In the asynchronous model, multiple threads can work on entirely independent tasks, like waiting for user input, reading a database, computing a task etc...
Concurrency describes the concept of running several tasks at once.
Each process handles exactly one request at a time. The web server load balances between processes. Not suitable for long-running blocking I/O workloads (workloads that call HTTP APIs).
Multi-threading allows high I/O concurrency, good for both short-running and long-running blocking I/O workloads. Prone to concurrency bugs.
Different than previous two, allows very high I/O concurrency. Rails does not support evented code. Javascript uses evented concurrency.
Behaviour of systems where the output is dependent on the sequence/timing of events. Originates from circuits.
Mutual Exclusion is the requirement of ensuring no two concurrent processes are accessing critical sections at the same time
Removing two nodes i and i+1 at the same time results in i+1 not being removed: